rice weevil classification

After completing their metamorphosis with an ultimate insect molt (UIM), the adults remain inside the grains for three more days before emerging.
They will stay in this one source, similar to an established ant colony. It can attack cereal plants in the fields. They have two short antennae splitting laterally from the rostrum bent in front of the eyes.

Rice weevils are particularly fond of rice, because of how the grains act like tiny habitats for their larvae. Make sure to store grains in sealed plastic or glass containers with tight-fitting lids, and regularly rotate dry goods in your pantry, getting rid of older or expired items. ), Encyclopedia of Food Grains, second ed. Other species of weevil in the Sitophilus genus have more specific diets, such as only the acorns from oak trees. S. oryzae, the rice weevil, and S. zeamais, the maize weevil, are found in all warm and tropical parts of the world, but S. oryzae may also be found in wheat stored in temperate climates.

Other common secondary insects are: Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, Cryptolestes sp., Plodia interpunctella (Huebner) and Ephestia cautella (Walker).

David K. Mueller, Alain VanRyckeghem, in Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing (Second Edition), 2006. They then enter the pupal stage for about 6 days.

Typically one does not find secondary insects creating the initial primary damage in the field; they are insects that infest and attack the food supply in storage. Secondary infesters are not necessarily uniquely adapted to attack the food supply in the field, although they have become adapted to attack food supply already damaged by primary field insects.

ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128013946000154, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781891127656500106, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781891127465500180, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781845697013500049, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781855739574500268, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128115275000046, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781891127663500144, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128022320000165, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158296000073, Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing (Second Edition), Initial inspection showed obvious infestations of sawtoothed grain beetles and, Insect and mite penetration and contamination of packaged foods, Food and Beverage Stability and Shelf Life, Improving the control of insects in food processing, Handbook of Hygiene Control in the Food Industry, In the warmer climates of North America a good example of a primary infesting insect is the, Hengsdijk and Conijn, 2014; McFarlane, 1989; Beta et al., 2016.
The size of the weevils is usually small less than 6 mm and these are herbivores. Weevil larvae and nymphs grow naturally inside wheat grains. Aeration dramatically reduced the number of weevils compared with population levels in nonaerated maize. Make ragged holes in grain, cause up to 66% losses in improved cultivars.

Beauveria bassiana can be an effective microbial control agent if used as a preventive treatment (Adane et al 1996).

Otherwise, there is a risk of chemicals reaching food that wasn’t infested. Copyright 2020 Bulwark Exterminating . The efficacy of CdS, nano-Ag, and nano-TiO2 nanoparticles against the larvae has been tested successfully (Chakravarthy et al., 2012). They have six evenly-spaced legs, and a long, curved extension from their heads called a rostrum, which is like a sealed beak with mouthparts at the tip. have a low susceptibility to synthetic pyrethroids but are readily killed by organophosphorus compounds such as fenitrothion and pirimiphos-methyl. This was achieved by image subtraction of two consecutive images of kernels taken that had live, active insects.

Several plant extracts have been tested for activity against Sitophilus spp.

Further, x-ray imaging is the only method that can detect even dead insects inside grain kernels.

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One exciting aspect of rice weevils is their color.

S. oryzae hatching and metamorphosis were inhibited at 10°C (Birch 1944). The soft x-ray method detected the presence of live larvae inside the infested kernels.

They are strong fliers and are attracted to light.

Clean your home: As with any pest, cleaning up will discourage them. A perforated plastic probe trap can be used to monitor insect activity in grain under laboratory conditions (Trematerra 1998). The linear-function parametric classifier and back-propagation neural network (BPNN) identified more than 84% of infestations caused by C. ferrugineus and T. castaneum larvae (Table 16.3). (4) We don’t touch objects in homes beyond what is necessary. The population increase of S. zemais was completely suppressed at 10°C, while that of S. oryzae was completely suppressed at 15°C (Throne 1994). Among different methods (acoustic method, near infrared spectroscopy and imaging, thermal imaging, and visible light imaging) used to detect insect infestations in grain, the soft x-ray method is considered as the simple and fast method to detect hidden insects in grain(Keagy and Schatzki, 1991, 1993; Schatzki et al., 1993; Karunakaran et al., 2004b, 2005; Neethirajan et al., 2007).

They are named because when first discovered they were mainly associated with whole grain rice. Histogram features, histogram and shape moments, and textural features using co-occurrence and run-length matrices were extracted for each kernel from the x-ray images.

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