henry gurvand emperor of the holy roman empire

However, the date of retrieval is often important. Sincerely religious, Henry II supported service to the Church (he was celibate) and promoted various monastic reforms. This rank was changed by Pope Pius XII in 1955 to that of Simple, and by Pope John XXIII in 1960 to that of Third-Class Feast. In 1007, Henry II denounced the Peace of Poznań, resulting in Bolesław I's attack on the Archbishopric of Magdeburg as well as his re-occupation of marches of Lusatia and Meissen including the city of Bautzen. The plan failed, however, because, under pressure from his relatives, the Emperor soon agreed to release Mieszko II. [158] Henry pardoned Otto and returned all his benefices except Bavaria. [288] In June 1092, Henry crossed the Po and forced Matilda to begin negotiations for her surrender, but she and her vassals refused to acknowledge Clement III as the lawful pope. [246][287] Henry continued his Italian campaign and captured Matilda's fortresses north of the river Po at the end of 1091. Both John XVIII and Sergius IV, though the nominal Pope, were subservient to the power John Crescentius. Henry II inherited several unresolved ecclesiastical disputes from his predecessor Otto III. 1940); Geoffrey Barraclough, Origins of Modern Germany (1946; 2d rev. They actually adopted an old view, condemned by reformist clerics, making a distinction between the secular possessions and properties of bishoprics and abbeys (temporalities), and the ecclesiastical authority and sacramental powers of the bishops and abbots (spiritualities).

The German dukes and Godfrey the Bearded's influential widow, Beatrice of Tuscany, convinced Henry that he should cooperate with the Pope. In relation to the other members of his dynasty, Henry II was the great-grandson of Henry I, great-nephew of Otto I, first-cousin once removed of Otto II, and a second-cousin to Otto III. From Burgundy, Henry went to Lorraine where he granted Lower Lorraine to Godfrey the Bearded in October. In 1017, aided by Norman mercenaries, the Lombard noble Melus of Bari led a successful rebellion against Byzantine control of Apulia. He is the patron saint of the city of Basel, Switzerland, and of St Henry's Marist Brothers' College in Durban, South Africa. Joining Henry II in Bergamo, Arnulf II crowned him as King of Italy ("Rex Italiae") on May 14, 1004 in Pavia.

All of them show he was determined to regain his throne. He was made Duke of Swabia in 1038, and on the death of his father the following year he succeeded as emperor. There are occasions when we are unsure of the identity of a sitter or artist, their life dates, occupation or have not recorded their family relationships. [364] Polemical writings spreading in Germany after 1085 accused Henry of incest and pederasty, also claiming that he had fathered illegitimate children. [203][213] Frederick could only take possession of the lands north of the Danube, because Rudolf of Rheinfelden's son, Berthold, asserted his authority over the southern parts of Swabia. [225] Henry and Rudolf's armies met at Hohenmölsen on 14 October 1080. It was this interest which led to his intervention in papal affairs. His loyal supporter, Othbert, Bishop of Liège, made peace with Henry of Limburg to secure the Duke's support. World Encyclopedia. Henry II answered Boles?aw I's rebellion with a military invasion in the summer of 1004, reaching the Ore Mountains in northern Bohemia. [246][382] Henry of Stade had been a wealthy Saxon aristocrat and his widow's marriage to Henry contributed to his reconciliation with the Saxons. Prior to open rebellion in 1004, Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, was ousted in a revolt in 1002. [58] Damian's argument implied that Henry only inherited a claim to the imperial prerogatives relating to papal elections, but he could forfeit it. Henry II in 1004 aided Jaromír, Duke of Bohemia against the Poles, definitively incorporating the Duchy of Bohemia into the Holy Roman Empire. With an infant as ruler and a political crisis to address, the Western Empire was unable to challenge Byzantine dominance. Upon her recovery in 1018, Henry ordered the construction of the Kaufungen Abbey. [346] Already in despair, Henry sent a letter to his son, asking him "not to persist in his desire to depose him from the kingship"; the younger Henry wanted no compromise. He promised amnesty and gifts to those who joined his campaign against Saxony. [22] The absent emperor, however, could not control the Norman adventurers and he chose to charge the popes with the representation of his interests in southern Italy. und Kunigunde Das heilige Kaiserpaar des Mittelalters", "Feldzüge Heinrichs II. [69] Empress Agnes supported Honorius, for which her advisors were excommunicated by Alexander. But Melus died just a few days later, on April 23, 1020.

[145] After Henry had done a public penance for simony, the legates absolved him on 27 April 1074.

With these extensive donations and the expanded powers of the Emperor, the Church gradually lost its autonomy. [148] Solomon promised to cede six castles to Henry and acknowledge his suzerainty in return for Henry's support to recover his country. They emphasize that penance and reconciliation were integral parts of medieval life, so an anointed king's excommunication was more disturbing for Henry's contemporaries than his act of penance at Canossa. Henry did, however, lead three expeditions into Italy to ensure imperial dominion over the peninsula: twice to suppress secessionist revolts and once to challenge the Byzantine Empire for dominance over southern Italy. [361], Henry's conflicts with his subjects, both sons,[350] his wives and with the popes gave rise to a rich polemical literature during his lifetime. [137] Their retainers and the Worms militia joined Henry in a new military campaign against the Saxons and Thuringians, but he soon realised the rebels outnumbered his army and entered into negotiations with them. In the Ottonian dynasty, succession to the throne had belonged to the Saxon branch, not the Bavarian line of which Henry was a member. In 1668, it was moved to 15 July for celebration as a Semidouble. Some speculate that both he and Cunigunde had taken mutual vows of chastity, because of their piety and the fact that they had no royal issue, but this is disputed. King Peter of Hungary, who owed his throne to Henry, also swore fealty to him, but was dethroned in 1046. On January 30, 1018, Henry II and Boleslaw I signed a fourth peace treaty, known as the Peace of Bautzen. This allowed Arduin's enemies in the Church, led by Archbishop Frederick of Ravenna, to side with the German King Henry II as the rightful ruler of Italy. Following the attack on the Eastern March, Boleslaw I's forces took the offensive.

Margrave Arduin of Ivrea proclaimed himself King of Italy at Pavia soon after the Emperor's death. Before Henry II could arrive, however, Otto III died of fever, leaving no heir.

Henry IV (German: Heinrich IV; 11 November 1050 – 7 August 1106) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 to 1105, King of Germany from 1054 to 1105, King of Italy and Burgundy from 1056 to 1105, and Duke of Bavaria from 1052 to 1054. Shortly after gaining the support of the Saxons, Henry arranged for Archbishop Willigis to crown his wife, Cunigunde of Luxembourg as Queen of Germany on 10 August 1002 in Paderborn, in present-day Germany.[9][10]. Henry III launched punitive expeditions against Bohemia to extort an oath of fealty from the rebellious Duke Bretislav I. Henry II returned to Germany in 1015 after being crowned Emperor by Pope Benedict VIII and prepared for a third invasion of Poland.

Established to conduct missionary work among the pagan Slavs, the Diocese was all but abandoned in 983 following a major Slavic revolt against Imperial rule. [217] He could not surprise Rudolf who defeated Henry's army at Flarchheim on 27 January.

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