orangutan kills human

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Knowledge of national law differed significantly among different ethnic groups. Among reliable respondents who had seen an orangutan around the village, the relative risk of reported killing of an orangutan by a respondent increased with increasing elevation (p<0.01), increasing distance from a river (p<0.001) or forest patch (p<0.01), and increasing proximity to a logging concession (p<0.01).

While some of this inconsistency was related to age and length of residence in the village, and while it may also point to lack of information flow (i.e. The respondents were mainly Muslims (45%) and Christians (44%), with the Keharingan religion (which has similarities with Hinduism) an important third group, especially in Central Kalimantan. View The Nature Conservancy – Indonesia Forest Program, Jakarta, and Bogor, Indonesia, The distribution range was estimated by taking the 2004 Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA) distribution range [14] and buffering it with a 5 km zone around the range periphery [15]. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click The survey design was based on a questionnaire delivered to 10 residents in each of the villages surveyed (except in a small number of villagers where fewer than 10 respondents were available). "The native forest that once covered these hillsides is now largely gone, much of it cut during recent decades for timber and firewood, and cleared to plant crops," according to the National Geographic story.

Participants in the surveys were informed of the goal of the interviews and assured that the data would be analysed anonymously.

This threat adds to habitat loss, the other main cause of orangutan population decline. Binary and multinomial responses were fitted using a logistic regression model with all explanatory variables entered. We conducted an interview-based survey among villagers living in the orangutan's range in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Analyzed the data: DB YH KM HW JAW EM. We recoded some variables to obtain the maximum number of full records. As in other disciplines, problems with biases and data quality may arise at any of the three main phases of an interview survey.

Follow up surveys should consider the use of complementary methods such as randomized response technique (RRT), designed for investigating sensitive behaviours (e.g., [28]). Nurcahyo A, According to Michelle Desilets, the Director of the Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOS), an orangutan named Pony was being kept in a village and used as a prostitute for human clients.

Pour autoriser Verizon Media et nos partenaires à traiter vos données personnelles, sélectionnez 'J'accepte' ou 'Gérer les paramètres' pour obtenir plus d’informations et pour gérer vos choix. ), respondent reliability (could they reliably identify the focal species?) The second approach was an analysis at the respondent level, using general and generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) in which individual responses were nested within villages, which were, in turn, nested within relevant districts/regions.

The values were based on two survey questions, the first regarding the total number of animals killed by the reliable participants themselves and the second regarding the total number of animals killed in the village area in the last year. (2012) The survey questionnaire comprised 32 questions and 34 optional sub-questions that were divided into a number of sections focusing on basic information (e.g., age, sex, religion, ethnicity of respondent), assessment of interviewee reliability (see below), questions on perceptions and experiences relating to orangutans (including orangutan encounters, occurrence of crop raiding, and killing), knowledge of national and customary laws, and forest use (e.g., reasons for entering forests, frequencies and length of forest trips).

Overall, our data suggests that human-orangutan conflict and killings are most prominent in south-eastern and south-western Central Kalimantan, southern and northern West Kalimantan, and a small area in East Kalimantan.

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This also implies that if the number killed per year in recent years is larger, and if the number of orangutans has decreased in this period, then the relative killing rate has increased, and has been higher in recent years than our estimated average. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Similarly, conservationists assume that people and orangutans clash over agricultural resources, sometimes resulting in orangutan killing, but the data to substantiate this assumption and quantify its impacts on the population are lacking [4], [11], [12]. The overall message of our result is that killing is a major threat to orangutans in Kalimantan.

Corresponding figures were 15% and 5% for Central Kalimantan, and 12% and 1% for West Kalimantan.

At the design stage, questions can be raised about the sampling frame and sampling scheme (did the people we talked to accurately represent the broader target population?

Human-orangutan conflict and hunting are thought to pose a serious threat to orangutan existence in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo.

This is important, because, despite evidence that social factors are important in human-wildlife conflict, they are often ignored in conflict studies [7].

Most people (73%) responded that they knew that orangutans were protected under Indonesia's national law, 2% reported that they were not protected and 25% reported that they did not know.

Further evaluation would require a follow-up validation survey, which was not undertaken in this study. Although the relative risks associated with distance to a palm oil plantation or logging concession were not significant overall, they were significantly higher at higher elevations (p<0.01).

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